![]() A page number is not required, but APA guidelines encourage its inclusion. When summarizing or paraphrasing from a source, reference the author and year. This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many students failed to purchase a style manual or ask their teacher for help. Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time citing sources. Jones's (1998) study found the following: Note that the page citation in this case comes at the very end of the quote, after the closing punctuation mark. Type your entire quotation on this margin. Omit quotation marks, start the quotation on a new line, and indent 1/2 inch from the left margin. If your quote is longer than 40 words, it becomes a block quote. Longer quotations require an additional step. 199), but she did not offer an explanation as to why. She stated, "Students often had difficulty with APA style" (Jones, 1998, p. If the author is not named in the signal phrase, or no signal phrase is used, include all information at the end of the quote. Use of signal phrases (see sidebar) is strongly encouraged.Īccording to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time" (p. If you quote directly from a source, you need to indicate the author, year of publication, and page(s) for the reference. In the examples below, the author being cited is Jane Doe. However, a few select signal phrases contain no verbs (e.g., 'According to author,'). If it has a well-known abbreviation, include the abbreviation in brackets the first time the source is cited and then use the abbreviation throughout the rest of the paper.Īuthors with the Same Last Name: Include first initials to prevent confusion. Often, signal phrases can be distinguished by the presence of a verb like 'indicate' or 'argue' that references what the author is doing in the original source. Organization as Author: Mention the organization's full name in the signal phrase or parenthetical citation the first time you cite it. If "Anonymous" is listed as the author of the work, treat it as the author's name. Unknown Author: Use the full title in a signal phrase or the first word or two (enough to identify the source) in parentheses. Six or More Authors: Use the first author's name followed by "et al." in signal phrase or citation. ![]() In subsequent citations, list the primary author's last name followed by "et al." in either signal phrase or citation. Three to Five Authors: List all authors the first time you cite the source. Use the word "and" in the text and an ampersand (&) in parenthetical citations. Two Authors: Name both authors in the signal phrase or in parentheses when you cite the work.
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